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=Peering into the backgrounds: Roots, rocks, and wanderings in English language, literature, and culture=

Some day this site will contain organized links to subjects from pre-Roman, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Viking, Dark Ages, Medieval, and Renaissance English history and literature. The space is shifting from teaching to reflect traveling now that I've retired. Although the teaching sites are gone, additional sites for texts are included, particularly in the Medieval, Classical Background, and General Sources sections. It's a work in progress.

I. 3000 +/- year old Stone Structures Across England and Scotland and the Celtic world
Skara Brae and Orkney http://www.orkneyjar.com/index.html Stonehenge http://www.stonehenge.co.uk/about.htm Carnac, Brittany stones http://www.crystalinks.com/carnacstones.html Hebrides http://www.archaeologyhebrides.com/ England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, Wales http://www.stonepages.com/ another approach to finding stone sites http://www.sacred-destinations.com/ Ireland http://www.megalithicireland.com/ my library

II. Roman Britain
all about Roman Britain http://www.roman-britain.org/ reenactors http://www.roman.org.uk/ my library





III. Anglo-Saxon Britain
Mead recipe http://blue-n-gold.com/halfdan/meadrecp.htm c 450-1066 in a nutshell http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/ Bede's world http://www.bedesworld.co.uk/ Anglo-Saxon background http://www.fernweb.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/mf/anglosax.htm Anglo-Saxon culture http://www.ravensgard.org/gerekr/anglo.html A-S & Viking info, especially daily living http://www.octavia.net/circleindex.html A-S culture online http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/1001Encyclopedia.htm A-S out of Cambridge http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/sdk13/sdk13home.html an existing A-S village http://loki.stockton.edu/~ken/wharram/wharram.htm A-S martyrs http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/1001Visvis.htm A-S feasting http://chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/1001Duncan.htm modern followers http://www.englatheod.org/ overview A-S history http://britannia.com/history/narsaxhist.html reasons to invade Britain http://primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/saxons.htm A-S education http://chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/1001Foy.htm Prosopography of A-S http://www.pase.ac.uk/ Domesday Book online http://www.domesdaybook.co.uk/ Anglo-Saxon charters http://www.langscape.org.uk/index.html



Alfred the Great http://www.ogdoad.force9.co.uk/alfred/alfredintro.htm more on Alfred http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=seek&query=871-899



Anglo-Saxon and Old English texts and languages Caedmon audio http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/noa/audio.htm A-S Chronicle online http://omacl.org/Anglo/ digitized Exeter Book http://www.evellum.com/index.html?exeter/ Exeter Book riddles in Anglo-Saxon and Modern English translations http://www2.kenyon.edu/AngloSaxonRiddles/texts.htm Old English http://faculty.virginia.edu/OldEnglish/ treasury of alliterative poetry http://alliteration.net/ poetry audio files http://www.tha-engliscan-gesithas.org.uk/ lexicon of kennings http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/kennings/kennings.html Electronic intro to Old Eng http://www.wmich.edu/medieval/resources/IOE/index.html Old English Made Easy http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/ rel="nofollow">http://home.comcast.net/~modean52/ OE at U of Calgary http://www.u.arizona.edu/~ctb/ glossary Bright's Reader http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kurisuto/germanic/oe_bright_glossary.html runes and futhark http://www.ancientscripts.com/futhark.html Battle of Maldon http://www.maldonsx.freeserve.co.uk/Maeldune/bookint.htm#content oaths of fealty, A-S to 14thc. http://www.dragonbear.com/fealty.html early manuscripts @ Oxford http://image.ox.ac.uk/ early manuscripts @ Bodleian library http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/medieval/browse.htm paleography (writing) http://medievalwriting.50megs.com/writing.htm kennings http://www.hi.is/~eybjorn/ugm/kennings/4kennt.html Vergilius Romanus text & drawings from Virgil -- created in Britain? http://www.vortigernstudies.org.uk/artlit/vergilius.htm my library



IV. Vikings
Vikings of the North Atlantic http://www.mnh.si.edu/vikings/ Viking life http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/ Viking re-enactments http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~capriest/vikresource.html Vinland http://etimage.com/viking/ Vikings in North America http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/vikings/index.html Viking ship recreation http://www.havhingsten.dk/index.php?id=277&L=1 ship finds http://web.missouri.edu/~rls555/SCA/research/ships/ships.htm Sutton Hoo site http://www.suttonhoo.org/ more on Sutton Hoo http://britainexpress.com/History/sutton-hoo.htm

Norse and Viking language runes online http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/vikings/runes.html Old Norse language http://hem.passagen.se/peter9/gram/ Old Norse for beginners http://www.hi.is/~haukurth/norse/ prose Edda text http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/pre/



V. Beowulf
Beowulf audio files http://faculty.virginia.edu/OldEnglish/Beowulf.Readings/Beowulf.Readings.html scholarly articles http://www.heorot.dk/beo-links.html Gardner's Grendel http://www.grendel.org/grendel/gardner.html http://www.brtom.org/gr/grendintro.html



VI. Bayeux Tapestry
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bDaB-NNyM8o explanation http://www.aemma.org/onlineResources/bayeux/bayeuxIntro.html copy in England http://www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk/ BBC on BT http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/bayeux_tapestry_gallery.shtml you make it scroll http://panograph.free.fr/BayeuxTapestry.html 1066 history http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/NormanConquest.htm 1066 history http://eyewitnesstohistory.com/bayeux.htm 1066 history http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/conquest_domesday_01.shtml horses at Hastings http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/war_tech_gallery_02.shtml re-enacters of A-S, Norman, Plantagenet with lots of info http://angevin.org/ Norman Britain society http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/society_03.shtml Norman daily life & warfare http://normans.etrusia.co.uk/ Norman transition into Britain http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9056137/Norman review of a book on Norman law http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.1/br_1.html modern photos with history http://infobritain.co.uk/Norman_Britain_History.htm difference between A-S & Norman societies http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/society_01.shtml transition to Norman rule http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/society_02.shtml Norman buildings http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/norman_buildings_gallery_10.shtml Normans also in Sicily -- good site http://www.norman-world.com/angleterre/index.htm history of Normans http://www.albion-swords.com/articles/norman.htm Norman weapons and armor http://www.historynet.com/magazines/british_heritage/3025771.html Norman castles in Wales http://castlewales.com/norman.html Normans affect Welsh churches http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/religion/sites/timeline/pages/religion_in_wales_4.shtml



VII. Medieval
medieval search engine http://labyrinth.georgetown.edu/ medieval history timeline http://www.btinternet.com/~timeref/index.htm medieval source book http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html anthology of English lit http://www.luminarium.org/ medieval material culture http://www.larsdatter.com/sitemap.htm middle ages life http://www.learner.org/interactives/middleages/feudal.html good bios http://www.themiddleages.net/index.html Medieval reenacting http://www.sca.org/ http://www.regia.org/main.htm tied to SCA http://www.florilegium.org/ lots of links to medieval resources http://www.netserf.org/ idiosyncratic &amp; interesting med info http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/ BBC on Margery Kempe http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/sundayfeature/pip/n56hk/ Heroic Age journal http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/ hagiography https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/cdwright/www/hagiog.html my library

VIII. King Arthur
King Arthur legends http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/acpbibs/genbib.htm King Arthur and Sub-Roman Britain http://www.vortigernstudies.org.uk/vortigernhomepage.htm King Arthur sources http://www.britannia.com/history/arthur/artdocs.html and http://bestoflegends.org/kingarthur/index.html King Arthur resources http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/ King Arthur -- Gerald of Wales http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1223gerald-arthurtomb.html King Arthur as Arthursus http://www.medievalhistory.net/mdvlh/page0005.htm Lais of Marie de France http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jshoaf/Marie/ Middle English Dictionary http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/med/ digital manuscripts online http://toisondor.byu.edu/dscriptorium/ my library



IX. Chaucer
http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~chaucer http://geoffreychaucer.org/ Chaucer lesson plan http://www.angelfire.com/in2/chaucerlesson/index.html http://www.english.ucsb.edu/faculty/oconnell/language.htm electronic Cant Tale http://www.kankedort.net/ University of Glasgow exhibit http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/exhibns/chaucer/index.html my library

X. Dante
guide to each book of the Divine Comedy http://danteworlds.laits.utexas.edu/ complete text of the Divine Comedy http://etcweb.princeton.edu/dante/pdp/ Test to find which level of Hell you'll be in http://www.4degreez.com/misc/dante-inferno-test.mv biography of Dante Aligheri http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/ my library



XI. Medieval Topics
Islam = Chemistry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_%28Islam%29 Alchemy http://levity.com/alchemy/ Med and Ren food http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/food.html Med and Ren games http://www.larsdatter.com/games.htm Heraldry clipart http://www.heraldicclipart.com/catalog/index22.html on swords http://www.anvilfire.com/21centbs/armor/atli/index.htm on swords http://www.oakeshott.org/typo.html on swords http://www.algonet.se/~enda/oakeshott_eng.htm on swords http://www.vikingsword.com/index1.html all about heraldry http://www.heraldica.org/ Medieval technology http://scholar.chem.nyu.edu/tekpages/Technology.html Med and Ren occupations http://www.sirclisto.com/66.html Medieval cooking http://www.godecookery.com/mtales/mtales.htm New York Carver http://www.newyorkcarver.com/index.htm early Medieval coins http://www-cm.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/coins/emc/ plaster http://www.gsinai.com/rw/icons/fresco_in_a_church.php plaster http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/wattleanddaub/wattleanddaub.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/southern_counties/6195979.stm medieval medicine http://mostly-medieval.com/explore/med.htm castles http://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/England-History/Castles.htm cathedral architecture http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_cathedral_01.shtml alchemy http://www.alchemylab.com/history_of_alchemy.htm music http://library.thinkquest.org/15413/history/history-med.htm Battle of Bosworth Field logistics http://www.pomian.demon.co.uk/bosworth.htm about Richard III http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/eastmidlands/series3/richardthethird_battleofbosworth.shtml music http://www.hoasm.org/PeriodIII.html Medieval Russia http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/fcurta/russia.html more Medieval Russia http://users.stlcc.edu/mfuller/Novgorodwoodp.html my library

XII. Renaissance
English Renaissance http://elizabethan.org/ Intellectual history http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture4a.html art http://www.arteducation.com.au/art-movements/renaissance.php Honinshed's Chronicles http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1577harrison-england.html perseus project on the renaissance with searchable Christopher Marlowe texts http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus:collection:Renaissance

my library my library



XIII. Shakespeare
Shakespeare texts online http://shakespeare.mit.edu/ Folger Library materials http://folger.edu/index.cfm RSC clips http://www.rsc.org.uk/explore/ fun quiz http://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/shakespeare/quiz.shtml Recreated Globe http://www.shakespeares-globe.org/ broad internet ties http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/ electronic conference http://shaksper.net/ Shakespeare Birthplace Trust http://www.shakespeare.org.uk/ my library Hamlet site with lots of links http://www.hamlethaven.com/performance.html Julius Caesar http://finalcurve.wikispaces.com/Julius+Caesar--A+Study+of+Rhetoric Midsummer Night's Dream Peter Brooks MND http://www.touchstone.bham.ac.uk/exhibition/MND/home.html Macbeth 1930s Macbeth http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/fedtp/ftmb1.html



XIV. Classical Background
Perseus project http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/ internet sourcebook on Greece http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook07.html general http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/htmlver/ internet classics archive http://classics.mit.edu/index.html Greek theaters http://academic.reed.edu/humanities/110Tech/Theater.html Classics page http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/%7Eloxias Ancient Greek & Near Eastern music http://www.oeaw.ac.at/kal/agm/ Fordham does ancient history http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook.asp my library

XV. General Sources
British Museum http://www.britishmuseum.org/default.aspx BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ Bible http://unbound.biola.edu/ Geneva Bible with footnotes http://www.genevabible.org/Geneva.html effects of climate shifts http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/index.html primary sources http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Main_Page Beginnings of English Literature: http://www.djmcadam.com/beginnings-english.html Britain Express http://www.britainexpress.com/History/ Internet archive of everything http://archive.org/ Project Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.org/ great books online http://www.bartleby.com/ Voice of the Shuttle http://vos.ucsb.edu/index.asp my library

British Literature Brit lit timeline http://www.studyguide.org/brit_lit_timeline.htm encyclopedic http://www.britannia.com/arts/literature/ encyclopedic http://www.dmoz.org/Arts/Literature/World_Literature/British/ John Milton http://www.brysons.net/miltonweb/ metaphysical poets http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/poetry/metaphys.htm Victorian period: http://www.victorianweb.org/genre/literaryov.html my library my library my library my library

English Language BBC4 English lang history http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish/ etymology http://eleaston.com/etymology.html http://www.etymonline.com/ English Language roots http://pages.towson.edu/duncan/hellinks.html Greek and Latin roots http://english.glendale.cc.ca.us/roots.dict.html words online http://www.wordwebonline.com/ corpus of electronic texts http://www.ucc.ie/celt/ Celtic Literature Collection http://www.maryjones.us/ctexts/index.html Tain website http://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2002/aug/maeve/index.html http://www.cruachanai.com/ dictionary of the Scots language http://www.dsl.ac.uk/ my library

Lord of the rings by JRR Tolkien Map of Middle Earth http://www.strefarpg.pl/gfx/tworcy/middle-earth.jpg Elvish http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/movie_elvish.htm Tolkien biography http://www.tolkiensociety.org/tolkien/biography.html#3

XVI. Something New 2012
Ireland's history in maps http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/index.htm The Wasley's travels http://wasleys.org.uk/site_map/sitemap.html

This site was created by Elizabeth Stowe and her English Roots class of 2007-2008, along with much help from the AP English listserv. Contact her at estowe427@gmail.com.